For the past centuries, as the peanut industry grew, numerous uses for the plant were gradually found, especially its seed. The peanut contains about 50% oil, 28% protein, 18% carbohydrates, and 4% ash. In peanut allergies, it is the protein content that causes the allergic responses in sensitized individuals.

Mechanism of the allergic reaction

Although the exact pathogenesis of peanut allergy is unknown, both genetic and environmental factors are believed to interfere with the development of the condition. People with a history of other allergies, or at least someone in the family will most likely develop peanut allergy. On another proposition, the lack of exposure to antigens (allergens) during early childhood would lead a person to become more sensitive to them later in their lifetime.

Abnormal immune responses of the body are prompted by the introduction of peanut allergens via inhalation or ingestion. In one study, it has been concluded that thermal processing of the peanut, such as roasting, will cause the allergens to be more resistant to digestive enzymes thus augmenting its antigenic properties. Peanut allergy can be characterized by these symptoms:

• hives
• generalized flushing
• warmth
• itchy eyes, nose, mouth, and throat
• nasal congestion
• stomachache
• nausea and vomiting
• diarrhea
• coughing
• tightness in the chest, difficulty of breathing

The allergic responses occur rapidly, occasionally causing a fatal attack (food-induced anaphylaxis). About 100 Americans die annually due to peanut allergies.

What you Doctor can do for you

The diagnosis of peanut allergies are centered on the person’s medical history and previous reactions associated with peanuts. Confirmatory tests would include prick tests and blood tests like RAST and ELISA. Once diagnosis is established, the physician will help you develop an action plan in case of emergency situations. Antihistamines do well with minor symptoms, but are rendered ineffective when facing severe respiratory symptoms or impending anaphylaxis. This time, the person will be prescribed with epinephrine. Do ask for medical assistance if you are experiencing these symptoms.
To combat allergies, strictly avoid consuming all nut-containing foods.  

What you can do

Being the 3rd most common food allergen, it is imperative to discuss peanut avoidance measures.

• There are a lot of hidden peanut sources in the market. Examples of these are biscuits, baked products, chocolates, mixed nuts, ice creams, peanut butter, egg rolls, certain sauces, Thai, Chinese and Indonesian cuisine, some health products, even shampoos and creams. Therefore, when buying items always read the label or food packages.
• For the child that has peanut allergy, educate them regarding the symptoms and meals that they should omit. Or better yet, bring them with their own peanut-free sandwiches or meals at school. Go the extra mile, by informing the child the symptoms of peanut allergy and when or whom to ask for help.
• Ask your allergist if there is a need to wear a Medic Alert bracelet for people to be aware that you have this kind of allergy in case you become ill.
• If you plan eating out at a restaurant, be sure that these restaurants can accommodate your needs. Utensils used in the preparation of your peanut-free meal may still have traces of peanut oils and particles with them.
• Bring your emergency epinephrine kit always with you. After doing so, ask for medical assistance immediately.
• Some individuals may have to avoid other kinds of nuts and legumes. Talk to your doctor about this.